What is the HIV transmission equation?

Some activities are considered more high risk than others, such as unprotected sex or sharing needles, versus sex with a condom or using a new or sterilized needle. A good way to understand ‘HIV risk’ is to consider the following transmission equation which helps to illustrate what three things are required to potentially transmit HIV.

HIV TRANSMISSION EQUATION
BODY FLUID WITH HIGH LEVELS OF HIV   ACTIVITY   DIRECT ACCESS FOR THE VIRUS TO ENTER THE BLOODSTREAM
  • blood (including menstrual blood)
  • semen
  • pre-cum
  • vaginal fluids
  • breast milk
+
  • unprotected anal or vaginal intercourse
  • sharing needles
  • mother to child
+
  • vagina
  • anus
  • urethra in the penis
  • open cuts and sores
  • other mucosal membranes
  • points of needle injection
    =    
RISK OF HIV TRANSMISSION